Buckeye Yard and Garden onLine May 21, 1998

May 21, 1998

Pam Bennett, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield
Dave Dyke, Gary Gao, Jane Martin, and Randy Zondag
This is the seventh 1998 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL). BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is made available on the Internet from The Ohio State University HORTICULTURE and CROP SCIENCE in Virtual Pespective web site (www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/bygl.html) and The Ohio State University Extension Ohioline web site (www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~bygl/index.html).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery, Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the May 19 conference included: Chuck Behnke (Lorain County), Pam Bennett (Clark), Joe Boggs (Hamilton), Jim Chatfield (Northeast District/Horticulture & Crop Science), Erik Draper (Mahoning), David Dyke (Lawrence), Gary Gao (Clermont), Joe Rimelspach (Plant Pathology), Dave Shetlar (Entomology), Julie Steele (PPDC), and Amy Stone (A.B.E. Center), Randy Zondag (Lake).
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found through the OSU Factsheet Database (www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/factsheet.html).

WEATHER AND PLANT UPDATE

Temperatures across the state were higher than normal this past week. Daily highs averaged in the high 80's and nightly lows were in the 60's. Much of the state remains dry with the exception of a few scattered showers. Dave Dyke noted that wild cherries were in full bloom last week in the southern part of the state while Erik Draper is just now seeing black locust, wild geraniums and horsechestnuts blooming. Pam Bennett's journal notes indicated that creeping phlox was still in full bloom at this time last year and that there was a light frost on the 23rd.

RUSSIAN CYPRESS

A garden center employee in Clermont County reported that many Russian cypresses (Microbiota decussata) are turning yellow. Russian cypress is a dwarf, densely-branched, and evergreen ground cover. This flat spreader hates sunny and wet areas, and is adapted for zone 2, according to Randy Zondag. Gardeners may have to move to Wisconsin and plant Russian cypress in partially shaded areas with good drainage for ideal results.

TURF NOTES - THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY

Joe Rimelspach, the titan of turf, is currently a little under the thatch. Poor Joe reported that there were very few turf disease problems due to the recent dry weather. However, the positive diagnosis of rust (Puccinia sp.)on a turf sample sent up by Joe Boggs has lifted his spirits somewhat. Joe said that if it shows up by August it usually is a banner year for that disease. Now he has to do some research to see what its extremely early presence means. Turf quality has gone south due to the heat, dry weather, seed head production and "butchering" with lawn mowers - really ugly stuff. For further information on the correct mowing height of different grass species read Ohio State University Extension Factsheet HYG-1190-93,"Mowers and Mowing". In addition, be extra cautious now when applying broad-leafed herbicides. The risk of drift is increased by the warm temperatures.

MOSTLY UNKNOWN FACTS ABOUT THE ROUNDUP LABEL

Chuck Behnke was wandering through a store the other day reading pesticide labels - that's dedication - and noticed some interesting restrictions on Roundup that emphasize how important it is to read the entire label before using a product. For example, did you know that: Ornamentals and flowers may be reseeded or replanted the next day? That you must wait 3 days after spraying to plant vegetables, such as beans and cabbage, listed on the label (30 days for rooted tomato transplants)? That you must wait 7 days after spraying to plant listed small fruits, such as blackberries and strawberries (30 days for unlisted small fruits)? That if Roundup is used to control weeds around fruit or nut trees or grapevines, you must allow 21 days before eating the fruit or nuts? READ THE ENTIRE LABEL of this, and any other product, before applying!

MAPLE TREE WITH HEAVY SEED LOADS

Many people often suspect that trees are in trouble or, under stress, or even dying if trees produce more seed than normal. Some excessive seed production might be normal. Some trees will produce large loads of seeds and have sparse leaf production in early season. More leaves will develop after seeds drop. BYGLers suggested a closer monitoring of trees with heavy seed loads before panicking.

APPLE SCAB ON CRABAPPLE

Scab continues to develop. At this point it looks like it will be a big year for this yearly disease problem. It is starting to result not only in leaf lesions and yellowing, but also some leaf drop throughout the state. Erik Draper quipped that "Spring Snow is falling early in the Canfield area". Before you wonder if Erik is eating too many fermented peaches, rest assured that he is merely talking of the falling, scabby leaves of the 'Spring Snow' crabapple cultivar.

FROGEYE LEAFSPOT ON CRABAPPLE

In some cases this disease is being mistaken for apple scab, especially when seen from afar when yellow leaves litter the ground. The symptoms are quite different on the leaves, however. Instead of the olive green fungal growth and later grayish to brown scab lesions on the leaves, frogeye leafspot starts with circular brown leaf spots with purple margins. Some spots gradually enlarge at some points along lesion margin, resulting in lobed lesions around the original spot, developing a concentric, layered effect with brown areas around the now grayish original center. Voila, to some people, this looks just like a frogeye. The causal fungus - Botryosphaeria obtusa also causes a black rot of fruits on apple and crabapple and black rot cankers on woody stems of many plants. Keep plants as healthy as possible with good pruning, fertilization, mulching and watering practices. Consider early fungicide sprays if the leaf spot disease gets out of hand on a particular crabapple cultivar over the years and check before you assume that leaf drop is due to scab on a reportedly scab-resistant crabapple.

OAK LEAF BLISTER

OAK LEAF BLISTER. This oak leaf blister appears to be more severe than usual this year, possibly due to better fungal survival of the pathogen, Taphrina caerulescens, over the winter. As indicated in OSUE Bulletin 614, "Disease Control in the Landscape", the symptoms are:

"Circular, raised, blister-like, green, yellow, white [or red], areas up to half inch in diameter occur on upper leaf surfaces." It is more prominent on the "red oak' group than on the "white oak" group. Controls are not typically recommended and it is too late at this point to do anything anyway, since infections occur on the leaves as they came out of the bud in late April and earlier this May. The fungus involved is related to Taphrina deformans, which causes peach leaf curl.

ADDITIONAL DISEASE NOTES

BYGLers continue to mention a number of samples and reports of rose black spot, sycamore anthracnose, ash anthracnose, and peach leaf curl. Randy Zondag notes a good bit of shothole leafspot on Prunus cistaena in northeast Ohio

BAGWORM EGGS ARE HATCHING

John Butcher (Madison Tree Service, Cincinnati) defended his "Bug-Eye" award, earned earlier this year by being the first to report egg hatch of European pine sawfly (BYGL 98-1). He reported to Joe Boggs that bagworm larvae are hatching from overwintered eggs in southwest Ohio. Following-up on John's observation, Joe found on May 18th that about half of the eggs had indeed hatched in the bags he examined and silk was beginning to stream from the bag tips. First instar larvae produce single threads of silk to catch the breeze and "balloon" to new sites, so tiny bags should be visible soon.

This ballooning behavior is the insect's primary means of dispersal and control efforts should be delayed until all eggs have hatched and ballooning activity has ceased. Otherwise, airborne larvae may re-infest treated trees. Bt is an effective early treatment if made before bags reach 3/8 inch in length. Stomach insecticides can be applied later in the season, but are not as effective as earlier applications. Last year, bagworm populations were heavy in southern sections of Ohio. Not only were evergreens such as arborvitae and spruces heavily damaged, but several deciduous species including honeylocust and box elder were hard hit. Hats off to John for his sharp eyes and early-warning report!

POTATO LEAFHOPPERS HAVE ARRIVED

Pam Bennett reported that the first cutting of alfalfa is now occurring in Clark County and Dave Shetlar noted that displaced potato leafhoppers currently on the alfalfa may start showing up on landscape and nursery plants. This is about a month early for both the cutting and leafhopper activity compared to previous years.

These light-green insects overwinter in the southern United States. They then hitch rides on thunderstorms and move north in the spring. Their first targets are usually alfalfa fields, and nurseries and landscapes bordering these fields often experience increased leafhopper infestations as adults move from the fields after the first cutting.

The leafhoppers feed on the underside of leaves and inject toxic saliva which produces "hopper burn" - stunted, browned and curled leaves. When combined with damage from plant bugs, leafhopper damage can be severe. A wide number of deciduous plants may be affected, but maples, hornbeam and honeylocust seem to be the most common targets. OSU Extension Bulletin 504 lists several materials which provide effective control; however, early detection and action are essential to minimize leafhoppers damage.

SCALE UPDATE

Dan Herms (in a virtual report), reported that euonymus scale and oystershell scale crawlers began to emerge in Wooster, OH, on May 15 and May 17, respectively. He noted that the euonymus scale egg hatch coincided with full bloom of "Miss Kim" lilac at this northeast, Ohio, location. This phenological connection has also been observed in southwest Ohio. To maximize control efforts for these scale insects, Dan recommended delaying insecticide applications until the end of this week or early next week to catch all crawlers.

Dave Shetlar reported in his most recent issue of the P.E.S.T. Newsletter (Vol. 7, No. 5), that overwintered, reddish-brown, helmet-shaped, Fletcher scale females are beginning to "inflate" and produce copious quantities of honeydew on junipers, arborvitae and yews. Crawlers of this "soft scale" usually do not appear in Ohio until June, so stay tuned.

BRONZE BIRCH BORERS ARE OUT

Dan also reported that bronze birch borer adults have begun to emerge in northeast Ohio. He noted that now is the perfect time to make the first insecticide application to control this insect. Trunks and main branches should be sprayed to kill emerging and ovipositing adults as well as hatching larvae. Foliage should be sprayed to kill feeding adults. A second application should be made in two weeks and a third spray applied in four weeks. Dan recommended chlorpyrifos (e.g. Dursban) for these applications.

Although insecticide sprays may provide some protection from this insect, Dan noted that the best solution is to plant native birches which are more resistant to this insect. He reported that test plots at the OSU, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center (OARDC) revealed that paper birch (Betula papyrifera) is one of the best white birches relative to birch borer resistance. In the OARDC plots, 75% of the B. papyrifera trees planted in 1979 are still alive even though they have had no intervention, including pesticides or irrigation. Gray birch (B. populifolia) has also proven to be very resistant; however, this species usually has less ornamental value. These native tree species evolved having to handle pressure from this native insect pest, so the occurrence of resistance in these trees should not be too surprising.

On the other hand, Dan reported that every European and Asian birch tree in the test plots is now dead because of bronze birch borer, including monarch birch (B. maximowicziana) and Japanese white birch (B. platyphylla). Dan noted that the tree released to the green industry as B. platyphylla var. japonica, Whitespire,' is now known to actually be the native gray birch. Not coincidently, this cultivar is also highly resistant to bronze birch borer.

ADELGID ON LARCH

Last week in northwest Ohio, ENLTTers observed a larch that was heavily infested with Adelgis laricis, an adelgid with no common name. This insect covers itself with threads of waxy, white, flocculent material. White woolly masses were so numerous on the needles that the trees looked "flocked." This adelgid seldom causes significant injury to larch, unless heavy infestation occur yearly. However, it does produce small pineapple-shaped galls at the tips of new growth on certain species of spruce.
If the mosquitoes continue to be a problem, this may end up being on the bestsellers list!

ANTS IN OUR PANTS

Several BYGLers reported that ants invading homes is now the most common topic of telephone calls coming into Extension offices. Julie Steele reported that "ant calls" also topped the list in PPDC. She observed that the pavement ant (Tetramorium caepitum) has been the most common species received for identification. Dave Shetlar noted that Allegheny mound ants are beginning to make their way into urban landscaping in central Ohio. Their reports point to the most important step in determining how to manage ants in and around the home: proper identification.

Ohio has a number of ant species and most are only nuisance pests, causing no harm other than mild cases of entomophobia. With colorful and sometimes descriptive common names like larger yellow ant, pharaoh ant, thief ant, false honey ant, acrobat ant (fun to watch), and odorous house ant (the ant, not the house), it should be apparent that identification may be challenging. However, it is critical to separate these ants from the more destructive carpenter ants in order to develop appropriate courses of action. As noted, one of the best resources is the PPDC. Another helpful aid is the OSU Factsheet, HYG-2064-96, titled, "Ants In and Around the Home." All of the aforementioned species are described and management strategies discussed in this Factsheet.

BEWARE OF THE BORERS

David Shetlar warned us to watch for the flight of early season borers. Those borers include lesser peach tree, viburnum, rhododendron, and dogwood borers. It is a good idea to use pheromone traps to monitor them at least four times a week for timing insect applications.

BYGLOSOPHY

"The greatest service which can be rendered by any country is to add a useful plant to its culture." --Thomas Jefferson

Where trade names are used, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears the responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department o f Agriculture, Keith L. Smith, Director, Ohio State University Extension.
All Ohio State University Extension educational programs are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability, or Vietnam-era veteran status.

Return to Search Index

WEATHER AND PLANT UPDATE
	Temperatures across the state were higher than normal this past week. Daily highs averaged in the high 80's and nightly lows were in the 60's. Much of the state remains dry with the exception of a few scattered showers. Dave Dyke noted that wild cherries were in full bloom last week in the southern part of the state while Erik Draper is just now seeing black locust, wild geraniums and horsechestnuts blooming. Pam Bennett's journal notes indicated that creeping phlox was still in full bloom at this time last year and that there was a light frost on the 23rd.
RUSSIAN CYPRESS
	A garden center employee in Clermont County reported that many Russian cypresses (Microbiota decussata) are turning yellow. Russian cypress is a dwarf, densely-branched, and evergreen ground cover. This flat spreader hates sunny and wet areas, and is adapted for zone 2, according to Randy Zondag. Gardeners may have to move to Wisconsin and plant Russian cypress in partially shaded areas with good drainage for ideal results.
TURF NOTES - THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY
	Joe Rimelspach, the titan of turf, is currently a little under the thatch. Poor Joe reported that there were very few turf disease problems due to the recent dry weather. However, the positive diagnosis of rust (Puccinia sp.)on a turf sample sent up by Joe Boggs has lifted his spirits somewhat. Joe said that if it shows up by August it usually is a banner year for that disease. Now he has to do some research to see what its extremely early presence means. Turf quality has gone south due to the heat, dry weather, seed head production and "butchering" with lawn mowers - really ugly stuff. For further information on the correct mowing height of different grass species read Ohio State University Extension Factsheet HYG-1190-93,"Mowers and Mowing". In addition, be extra cautious now when applying broad-leafed herbicides. The risk of drift is increased by the warm temperatures.
MOSTLY UNKNOWN FACTS ABOUT THE ROUNDUP LABEL
	Chuck Behnke was wandering through a store the other day reading pesticide labels - that's dedication - and noticed some interesting restrictions on Roundup that emphasize how important it is to read the entire label before using a product. For example, did you know that: Ornamentals and flowers may be reseeded or replanted the next day? That you must wait 3 days after spraying to plant vegetables, such as beans and cabbage, listed on the label (30 days for rooted tomato transplants)? That you must wait 7 days after spraying to plant listed small fruits, such as blackberries and strawberries (30 days for unlisted small fruits)? That if Roundup is used to control weeds around fruit or nut trees or grapevines, you must allow 21 days before eating the fruit or nuts? READ THE ENTIRE LABEL of this, and any other product, before applying!
MAPLE TREE WITH HEAVY SEED LOADS
	Many people often suspect that trees are in trouble or, under stress, or even dying if trees produce more seed than normal. Some excessive seed production might be normal. Some trees will produce large loads of seeds and have sparse leaf production in early season. More leaves will develop after seeds drop. BYGLers suggested a closer monitoring of trees with heavy seed loads before panicking.

APPLE SCAB ON CRABAPPLE
	Scab continues to develop. At this point it looks like it will be a big year for this yearly disease problem. It is starting to result not only in leaf lesions and yellowing, but also some leaf drop throughout the state. Erik Draper quipped that "Spring Snow is falling early in the Canfield area". Before you wonder if Erik is eating too many fermented peaches, rest assured that he is merely talking of the falling, scabby leaves of the 'Spring Snow' crabapple cultivar.
FROGEYE LEAFSPOT ON CRABAPPLE
	In some cases this disease is being mistaken for apple scab, especially when seen from afar when yellow leaves litter the ground. The symptoms are quite different on the leaves, however. Instead of the olive green fungal growth and later grayish to brown scab lesions on the leaves, frogeye leafspot starts with circular brown leaf spots with purple margins. Some spots gradually enlarge at some points along lesion margin, resulting in lobed lesions around the original spot, developing a concentric, layered effect with brown areas around the now grayish original center. Voila, to some people, this looks just like a frogeye. The causal fungus - Botryosphaeria obtusa also causes a black rot of fruits on apple and crabapple and black rot cankers on woody stems of many plants. Keep plants as healthy as possible with good pruning, fertilization, mulching and watering practices. Consider early fungicide sprays if the leaf spot disease gets out of hand on a particular crabapple cultivar over the years and check before you assume that leaf drop is due to scab on a reportedly scab-resistant crabapple.
OAK LEAF BLISTER
	OAK LEAF BLISTER. This oak leaf blister appears to be more severe than usual this year, possibly due to better fungal survival of the pathogen, Taphrina caerulescens, over the winter. As indicated in OSUE Bulletin 614, "Disease Control in the Landscape", the symptoms are: "Circular, raised, blister-like, green, yellow, white [or red], areas up to half inch in diameter occur on upper leaf surfaces." It is more prominent on the "red oak' group than on the "white oak" group. Controls are not typically recommended and it is too late at this point to do anything anyway, since infections occur on the leaves as they came out of the bud in late April and earlier this May. The fungus involved is related to Taphrina deformans, which causes peach leaf curl.
ADDITIONAL DISEASE NOTES
	BYGLers continue to mention a number of samples and reports of rose black spot, sycamore anthracnose, ash anthracnose, and peach leaf curl. Randy Zondag notes a good bit of shothole leafspot on Prunus cistaena in northeast Ohio

BAGWORM EGGS ARE HATCHING
	John Butcher (Madison Tree Service, Cincinnati) defended his "Bug-Eye" award, earned earlier this year by being the first to report egg hatch of European pine sawfly (BYGL 98-1). He reported to Joe Boggs that bagworm larvae are hatching from overwintered eggs in southwest Ohio. Following-up on John's observation, Joe found on May 18th that about half of the eggs had indeed hatched in the bags he examined and silk was beginning to stream from the bag tips. First instar larvae produce single threads of silk to catch the breeze and "balloon" to new sites, so tiny bags should be visible soon. This ballooning behavior is the insect's primary means of dispersal and control efforts should be delayed until all eggs have hatched and ballooning activity has ceased. Otherwise, airborne larvae may re-infest treated trees. Bt is an effective early treatment if made before bags reach 3/8 inch in length. Stomach insecticides can be applied later in the season, but are not as effective as earlier applications. Last year, bagworm populations were heavy in southern sections of Ohio. Not only were evergreens such as arborvitae and spruces heavily damaged, but several deciduous species including honeylocust and box elder were hard hit. Hats off to John for his sharp eyes and early-warning report!
POTATO LEAFHOPPERS HAVE ARRIVED
	Pam Bennett reported that the first cutting of alfalfa is now occurring in Clark County and Dave Shetlar noted that displaced potato leafhoppers currently on the alfalfa may start showing up on landscape and nursery plants. This is about a month early for both the cutting and leafhopper activity compared to previous years. These light-green insects overwinter in the southern United States. They then hitch rides on thunderstorms and move north in the spring. Their first targets are usually alfalfa fields, and nurseries and landscapes bordering these fields often experience increased leafhopper infestations as adults move from the fields after the first cutting. The leafhoppers feed on the underside of leaves and inject toxic saliva which produces "hopper burn" - stunted, browned and curled leaves. When combined with damage from plant bugs, leafhopper damage can be severe. A wide number of deciduous plants may be affected, but maples, hornbeam and honeylocust seem to be the most common targets. OSU Extension Bulletin 504 lists several materials which provide effective control; however, early detection and action are essential to minimize leafhoppers damage.
SCALE UPDATE
	Dan Herms (in a virtual report), reported that euonymus scale and oystershell scale crawlers began to emerge in Wooster, OH, on May 15 and May 17, respectively. He noted that the euonymus scale egg hatch coincided with full bloom of "Miss Kim" lilac at this northeast, Ohio, location. This phenological connection has also been observed in southwest Ohio. To maximize control efforts for these scale insects, Dan recommended delaying insecticide applications until the end of this week or early next week to catch all crawlers. Dave Shetlar reported in his most recent issue of the P.E.S.T. Newsletter (Vol. 7, No. 5), that overwintered, reddish-brown, helmet-shaped, Fletcher scale females are beginning to "inflate" and produce copious quantities of honeydew on junipers, arborvitae and yews. Crawlers of this "soft scale" usually do not appear in Ohio until June, so stay tuned.
BRONZE BIRCH BORERS ARE OUT
	Dan also reported that bronze birch borer adults have begun to emerge in northeast Ohio. He noted that now is the perfect time to make the first insecticide application to control this insect. Trunks and main branches should be sprayed to kill emerging and ovipositing adults as well as hatching larvae. Foliage should be sprayed to kill feeding adults. A second application should be made in two weeks and a third spray applied in four weeks. Dan recommended chlorpyrifos (e.g. Dursban) for these applications. Although insecticide sprays may provide some protection from this insect, Dan noted that the best solution is to plant native birches which are more resistant to this insect. He reported that test plots at the OSU, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center (OARDC) revealed that paper birch (Betula papyrifera) is one of the best white birches relative to birch borer resistance. In the OARDC plots, 75% of the B. papyrifera trees planted in 1979 are still alive even though they have had no intervention, including pesticides or irrigation. Gray birch (B. populifolia) has also proven to be very resistant; however, this species usually has less ornamental value. These native tree species evolved having to handle pressure from this native insect pest, so the occurrence of resistance in these trees should not be too surprising. On the other hand, Dan reported that every European and Asian birch tree in the test plots is now dead because of bronze birch borer, including monarch birch (B. maximowicziana) and Japanese white birch (B. platyphylla). Dan noted that the tree released to the green industry as B. platyphylla var. japonica, Whitespire,' is now known to actually be the native gray birch. Not coincidently, this cultivar is also highly resistant to bronze birch borer.
ADELGID ON LARCH
	Last week in northwest Ohio, ENLTTers observed a larch that was heavily infested with Adelgis laricis, an adelgid with no common name. This insect covers itself with threads of waxy, white, flocculent material. White woolly masses were so numerous on the needles that the trees looked "flocked." This adelgid seldom causes significant injury to larch, unless heavy infestation occur yearly. However, it does produce small pineapple-shaped galls at the tips of new growth on certain species of spruce. If the mosquitoes continue to be a problem, this may end up being on the bestsellers list!
ANTS IN OUR PANTS
	Several BYGLers reported that ants invading homes is now the most common topic of telephone calls coming into Extension offices. Julie Steele reported that "ant calls" also topped the list in PPDC. She observed that the pavement ant (Tetramorium caepitum) has been the most common species received for identification. Dave Shetlar noted that Allegheny mound ants are beginning to make their way into urban landscaping in central Ohio. Their reports point to the most important step in determining how to manage ants in and around the home: proper identification. Ohio has a number of ant species and most are only nuisance pests, causing no harm other than mild cases of entomophobia. With colorful and sometimes descriptive common names like larger yellow ant, pharaoh ant, thief ant, false honey ant, acrobat ant (fun to watch), and odorous house ant (the ant, not the house), it should be apparent that identification may be challenging. However, it is critical to separate these ants from the more destructive carpenter ants in order to develop appropriate courses of action. As noted, one of the best resources is the PPDC. Another helpful aid is the OSU Factsheet, HYG-2064-96, titled, "Ants In and Around the Home." All of the aforementioned species are described and management strategies discussed in this Factsheet.
BEWARE OF THE BORERS
	David Shetlar warned us to watch for the flight of early season borers. Those borers include lesser peach tree, viburnum, rhododendron, and dogwood borers. It is a good idea to use pheromone traps to monitor them at least four times a week for timing insect applications.
BYGLOSOPHY
	"The greatest service which can be rendered by any country is to add a useful plant to its culture." --Thomas Jefferson
	Where trade names are used, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears the responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department o f Agriculture, Keith L. Smith, Director, Ohio State University Extension. All Ohio State University Extension educational programs are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability, or Vietnam-era veteran status.