Ohio State University Extension Bulletin

Corn, Soybean, Wheat, and Alfalfa Field Guide

Bulletin 827-05

GENERAL CROP MANAGEMENT

TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENTAL UNITS

There are three methods that are used to determine temperature development units. Two methods, Degree Days (DD) and Heat Units (HU), are used to help in determining insect development while the third method, Growing Degree Days (GDD) is used in determining the stage of plant development.

A brief description of each method and how it is computed is as follows:

  1. Degree Days (DD) is used to predict the development of insects. It assumes there are 12 hours of low temperature and 12 hours of high temperature in a 24 hour period. The DD is calculated by adding the low and high temperatures, dividing by 2 and subtracting a base temperature at which the insect is active.
    • DD = Average temperature – Threshold
    • Ex: Max. Temp. = 70; Min. temp. = 45; Threshold = 50
    • (70 + 45) ÷ 2 – 50 = 7.5 DD
    • In this example 7.5 degree days have accumulated.

  2. Growing Degree Days (GDD) is used to predict physiological maturity in hybrids and is a modification of Degree Days. GDD assumes that some biological activity occurs even if the temperature is above 50°F for part of a day, even if the average temperature is below threshold.
    • Ex: Max. temp = 65; Min. temp = 40; Threshold = 50
    • (65 + 500 ÷ 2 – 50 = 7.5 GDD
    • GDD also assumes that maximum biological activity occurs at 86°F and plants do not grow faster above this temperature.
    • Ex: Max. temp = 90; Min. temp = 70; Threshold = 50
    • (86 + 70) ÷ 2 – 50 = 28 GDD

  3. Cosine Curve Method (CCM) - Heat Units (HU) This method is used to predict insect development and accounts for the fact that temperatures do not stay the same throughout the 24 hour period, but follow a curve. A cosine curve is fitted to yesterday’s minimum and today’s maximum and the temperature after each hour is computed. The HU accumulations for a 24 hour period are summed and that gives the number of HU for the day.

SUBMITTING INSECT SAMPLES
to The C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic

at The Ohio State University

Sending Insects for Identification

  1. Complete a PPDC specimen form (available from your OSU Extension office or at http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~plantdoc/cweppdc/cweppdc.html, or send a letter with inquirer’s name, address, telephone, and information about the sample. Include the location of the insect—if in or on a plant, name the plant, if in a building, state the location within the building. Write the number of the pests seen, and type of damage observed.
  2. Soft bodied specimens, such as caterpillars, aphids, thrips, maggots and grubs are best preserved by placing them in a small bottle of alcohol, either 70% ethyl or isopropyl, or clear 100 proof liquor. Please do not send in water or formaldehyde.
  3. Moths, butterflies, and large, fragile insects should be packed with cotton or soft tissue in a box so the scales and other fragile parts aren’t destroyed. Beetles, wasps, flies, and true bugs can be preserved in alcohol or wrapped carefully in a box. Make sure that the insects won’t crush.
  4. Do not ship live insects, tape insects to paper, or place them loose in a box or envelope.

Sending Damaged Object for ID of Pest

  1. Pack grain, pieces of wood, or other material in box. Be generous with size of sample. If a plant is affected, pack the leaves or branches in newspaper or foil and pack tightly. If the root has been bored, dig the plant and place the roots and attached soil in plastic. Do not put leaves or soft tissue in plastic, as they rot quickly.

SUBMITTING PLANT SAMPLES
to The C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic

at The Ohio State University

Plant Disease or Disorders

  1. Complete a PPDC specimen form (available from your OSU Extension office or at , or send a letter with inquirer’s name, address, telephone, and information about the sample. Include the location of the plants affected (i.e. field, landscape, nursery, etc.), part of plant and number of plants affected, when the damage occurred and description of symptoms. Name the type and cultivar of affected plants, previous crop if applicable, amount of sun and moisture in that area, and soil type. List rates and amounts of pesticides and fertilizers applied.
  2. Select material showing the symptoms, in different stages of decline. Do not send dead samples, unless accompanied with normal and progressively declining samples. Shake off excess water before packaging.
  3. Send entire plant including roots if the whole plant is affected. Dig the plant and place the roots and attached soil in plastic. Do not send wet plants, nor put leaves or soft tissue in plastic, as they rot quickly.
  4. If only local parts of the plant are affected (leaf spots, cankers or swelling), send several sections of affected plants.

Nematode Samples

Most nematodes are detected through soil samples which should be taken from May to October when soil temperatures are at least 50°F at a six inch depth

Do not sample very wet or dry soils. Samples should be taken from problem areas of the field. Using a 1" soil sampling tube, trowel or shovel take at least 20 samples at a six inch depth from each sampling area (approximately 1 acre). Mix the samples in a bucket and place one quart of soil in a plastic bag. Dig feeder roots to include in the sample if plants are growing in the area. NEVER ALLOW THE SAMPLE TO BECOME DRY OR HOT.

Weed or Plant Identification

  1. Complete a PPDC specimen form (available from your OSU Extension office or at www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~plantdoc/cweppdc/cweppdc.html, or send a letter with inquirer’s name, address, telephone, and information about the sample. Include the location of the plant (i.e. field, landscape, nursery, etc.), number of that plant seen in each location, previous crop if applicable, amount of sun and moisture in that area, and soil type.
  2. Identification of a plant requires an entire plant or a representative portion of the plant. If possible, include flowers or seeds. If none exist at time of inquiry, describe the flowers seen earlier.

Packaging and Delivery of Specimens

  1. Select specimens fresh from the field, carefully shake off excess moisture, and pack tightly in a strong box. Pack any leaf tissue in newspaper or foil not plastic to allow the air to circulate. Pack tightly so the samples do not rattle in the box.
  2. Send overnight mail services, or mail early in the week to avoid layovers at the post office.

Herbicide Injury Symptoms

  1. Remember that the PPDC cannot test plant material for chemical evidence of a substance in a plant. The PPDC evaluates the symptoms of the plants and information provided, then determines if the pesticide/chemical applied could have caused the observed symptoms. For chemical testing, contact your OSU Extension office for these specialized laboratories.
  2. Complete a PPDC specimen form (available from your OSU Extension office or at http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~plantdoc/cweppdc/cweppdc.html, or send a letter with inquirer’s name, address, telephone, and information about the sample. Include the location of the plants affected (i.e. field, landscape, nursery, etc.), part of plant and number of plants affected, when the damage occurred, and description of symptoms. Name the type and cultivar of affected plants, previous crop, amount of sun and moisture in that area, and the soil type. Describe the local weather when the symptoms appeared and the dates, rates, and amounts of pesticides and fertilizers applied.
  3. Select material showing the symptoms, in different stages of decline. Do not send dead samples, unless accompanied with normal and progressively declining samples.
  4. Send entire plant if the whole plant is affected. Dig the plant and place the roots and attached soil in plastic, so that the sample stays fresh. Soybeans especially, dry quickly. Do not send wet plants, nor put leaves or soft tissue in plastic, as they rot quickly.
  5. If only local parts of the plant are affected (branches of trees, shrubs), send several sections of affected plants.PLEASE INCLUDE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. PHOTOS ARE ALSO VERY HELPFUL.

Fees: The PPDC charges a nominal fee for identification. Contact your Extension office or see the fees posted on our website.

Mail samples to:
Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic
110 Kottman Hall
2021 Coffey Road
Columbus, OH 43210
614-292-5006

ESTIMATING SURFACE RESIDUE COVER

The amount of crop residue left on the soil after a tillage or planting operation is important for erosion control. There are several ways and tools that can be used to measure crop residue. Following is a method that can be used to estimate the percentage of soil surface covered by crop residue after a tillage or planting operation.

  1. Divide a 50' rope into 100 equal parts (6" apart) by tying knots or attaching tape at each division. Stretch the rope diagonally across the crop rows at a 45 degree angle.
  2. Walk along the rope and count the number of times a piece of crop residue intersects a knot or piece of tape. Be sure to look at the same place on the knot or tape to maintain accuracy.
  3. After walking the entire length of rope, total the number of times that crop residue intersects a knot or piece of tape. This is equal to the percentage of soil surface covered with crop residue. Example: if 35 knots or pieces of tape intersected a piece of crop residue, then 35% of the soil surface would be covered with crop residue.
  4. Repeat this procedure in either 3 or 5 areas in the field and average the numbers to obtain an average estimate of residue cover in the field. Do not take measurements in turn row areas.

NUTRIENTS REMOVED IN HARVESTED PORTIONS OF CROPS

Crop Unit of Yield Nutrient removed per unit of yield
P2O5 K2O
Corn   lb/unit
Feed grain bushel 0.37 0.27
Silage ton 3.30 8.00
Soybeans bushel 0.80 1.40
Wheat  
Grain bushel 0.63 0.37
Straw bushel 0.09 0.91
Alfalfa ton 13.00 50.00

Collecting a soil sample for nutrient analysis:

PLANT PART TO SAMPLE FOR FOLIAR SAMPLES

Crop Sample Prior to or During Plant Part to Sample # Plants to Sample
Corn seedling stage above ground portion 10
Corn tasseling upper fully developed leaf 10
Corn initial silk ear leaf 10
soybeans seedling stage above ground portion 10
soybeans initial flowering upper fully developed leaf 15
small grains initial bloom upper leaves 20
forage grasses initial bloom upper leaves 20
alfalfa initial flowering top 6 inches 20
forage legumes initial flowering top 6 inches 20

SOIL pH RECOMMENDED FOR VARIOUS CROPS ON VARIOUS SOILS

Crop Mineral soils with subsoil pH Organic
> pH 6 < pH 6 soils
  pH
Alfalfa 6.5 6.8 5.3
Other forage legumes 6.0 6.81 5.3
Corn 6.0 6.5 5.3
Soybeans 6.0 6.5 5.3
Small grains 6.0 6.5 5.3
Other crops 6.0 6.5 5.3
1 Birdsfoot trefoil should be limited to pH 6.0.

Table 8. Tons of aglime (Effective Neutralizing Power (ENP) of 2000 lbs/ton) needed to raise the soil pH to the desired pH level based on the Shoemaker-McLean-Pratt (SMP) buffer pH and an incorporation depth of 8". For no-till application, the rate should be divided by 2 (soil samples should only be collected to a depth of 4").

Buffer pH* Desired pH levels
Mineral soils Organic soils
6.8 6.5 6.0 Soil pH 5.3
tons agricultural limestone/acre tons/acre
6.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 5.2 0.0
6.7 1.6 1.4 1.1 5.1 0.5
6.6 2.2 2.0 1.6 5.0 0.8
6.5 2.9 2.5 2.0 4.9 1.3
6.4 3.6 3.1 2.5 4.8 1.7
6.3 4.2 3.6 3.0 4.7 2.1
6.2 4.9 4.2 3.4 4.6 2.5
6.1 5.6 4.7 3.9 4.5 2.9
6.0 6.2 5.3 4.4 4.4 3.3
5.9 6.9 5.9 4.7    
*-Lime test index (LTI), which may be reported in place of buffer pH, is buffer pH times 10.

CRITICAL SOIL TEST LEVELS (CL) FOR VARIOUS AGRONOMIC CROPS

Crop Critical Soil Test Levels
P K at CEC1
  5 10 20 30
ppm (lb/acre) ppm (lb/acre)
Corn 15 (30)2 88 (175) 100 (200) 125 (250) 150 (300)
Soybean 15 (30) 88 (175) 100 (200) 125 (250) 150 (300)
Wheat 25 (50) 88 (175) 100 (200) 125 (250) 150 (300)
Alfalfa 25 (50) 88 (175) 100 (200) 125 (250) 150 (300)
1 Critical level for ppm K = 75 + (2.5 x CEC) for all crops
2 Values in parenthesis are lb/acre.
Note: A CEC of 15 is used to calculate the K2O recommendation for calcareous soils (soils with pH equal to or greater than 7.5 and a calcium saturation of 80% or greater) and organic soils (soils with an organic matter content of 20% or greater or having a scooped density of less than 0.8 grams per cubic centimeter).

CROP & SOIL CONDITIONS WHERE SECONDARY & MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES MAY OCCUR

Micronutrient Soil Crop
Boron (B) Sandy soils or highly weathered soils low in organic matter Alfalfa and clover
Calcium (Ca) Very low pH soils Alfalfa
Copper (Cu) Acid peats or mucks and black sands Wheat, oats and corn
Iron (Fe) High pH, wet poorly aerated soil, cool temperature Soybeans, navy beans, millet, milo
Magnesium (Mg) Low pH, high K, sandy soils Corn
Manganese (Mn) High pH, high organic matter Soybeans, navy beans
Sulfur (S) Low organic matter, sandy, cold, wet soils Alfalfa
Zinc (Zn) Peats, mucks, and mineral soils with pH > 6.5, high P, heavily manured Soybeans and Alfalfa

MICRONUTRIENT SOURCES COMMONLY USED FOR CORRECTING MICRO-NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN PLANTS

Micronutrient Common fertilizer sources
Boron (B) Sodium tetraborate (14 to 20% B)
Solubor® (20% B)
Liquid boron (10%)
Copper (Cu) Copper sulfate (13 to 35% Cu)
Copper oxide1 (75 to 89% Cu)
Manganese (Mn) Manganese sulfate (23 to 28% (Mn))
Manganese oxysulfates (variable % Mn)
Zinc (Zn) Zinc sulfate (23 to 36% Zn)
Zinc-ammonia complex (10% Zn)
Zinc oxysulfates (variable % Zn)
Zinc oxide1 (50 to 80% Zn)
® Registered trade name of U.S. Borax
1 Granular oxides are not effective sources of micronutrients.

POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR NUTRIENT ELEMENT LEVELS BELOW OR ABOVE THE SUFFICIENCY RANGE

Ohio Plant Analysis Program
Below Sufficiency Range Above Sufficiency Range
Nitrogen (N)
  1. Inadequate N
  2. Low soil P
  1. Excessive application of nitrogen
  2. Shortage of another element
Phosphorus (P)
  1. Low soil
  2. Inadequate P
  3. Poor Drainage
  4. Low soil pH
  1. High soil P
  2. Excessive phosphate application
Potassium (K)
  1. Low soil K
  2. Inadequate K
  3. Heavy N application
  1. High soil K level
  2. Excessive K application
  3. Ca or Mg deficiency
Calcium (Ca)
  1. Low soil pH
  2. Low soil Ca
  3. High soil K or heavy K application
  1. Old plant tissue
  2. Dead or diseased tissue
Magnesium (Mg)
  1. Low soil pH
  2. Low soil Mg
  3. High soil K or heavy K application
  1. Old plant tissue
  2. Dead or diseased tissue
Manganese (Mn)
  1. Neutral or alkaline soils,
    peats & mucks
  1. Low soil pH
  2. Heavy application of P and/or N on acid,
    low organic matter soils
  3. Soil or dust contamination
Iron (Fe)
  1. High soil pH
  1. Soil or dust contamination
  2. Zinc deficiency
Boron (B)
  1. Alkaline, sandy,
    or low organic matter soils
  1. Improper application of boron
Copper (Cu)
  1. Peats, mucks or upland light
  1. Contamination from pesticide sprays
    or contact with brass equipment
Zinc (Zn)
  1. Sands, exposed subsoils,
    soils high pH & available P,
    mucks & some peats
  1. Contamination from contact with brass
    or in galvanized equipment
  2. Old, dead or diseased tissue
Molybdenum (Mo)
  1. Acid soils, pH < 5.5
  1. Potassium deficiency
  2. High soil pH

LENGTH OF ROW EQUAL TO 1/1000th ACRE

Measuring the number of plants in an acre is done sometime during the growing season. A simple method to use is by counting the number of plants in 1/1000th of an acre. This is done by measuring along the row the distance needed to equal 1/1000thof an acre (based on row width). The number of plants are counted in this measured distance. After doing this in at 3 separate sections of the field, the average of these samples is calculated and multiplied by 1000. This represents the number of plants per acre.

Row width inches Length of single row to equal 1/1000th of an acre
Feet inches
6 87 1
7 74 8
8 65 4
10 52 3
15 34 10
20 26 2
28 18 8
30 17 5
32 16 4
36 14 6
38 13 9
40 13 1

CALIBRATING GRANULAR APPLICATORS

Application rates and settings for insecticide metering units on planter hoppers are usually given on the chemical label. However, correct rates can be attained only if the application units are calibrated properly because each insecticide flows differently depending on its density, particle size, type of carrier used and relative humidity. Therefore, the setting used for one 15G may not be the same as that needed for another 15G. Follow steps below to calibrate your applicator.

  1. Read the label and determine the rate of material you want to apply (for corn rootworms this is usually 1.2 oz. a.i./1000 row ft., or 8 oz of a 15G, or 6 oz. of a 20G formulation/1000 row ft; 4 oz of a 3G at 0.12 oz. a.i./1000 row ft).
  2. Fill the insecticide boxes and attach a plastic bag or a calibration tube to each applicator tube.
  3. Open the metering units to a beginning setting of the previous year’s setting or that suggested on the insecticide label.
  4. Measure out 250 feet and operate the planter at planting speed over this distance. Collect the granules.
  5. Weigh the amount collected, or use a calibration tube provided by the product manufacturer to determine the weight per 250 row ft.
  6. Multiply the amount collected by 4 to determine amount per 1000 row ft. Compare this with the recommended amount per 1000 row ft.
  7. Repeat steps 1 through 6 above until the difference between the desired (intended) rate and the measured rate in step 6 is less than 5% of the intended rate.

CALIBRATION EQUATIONS FOR LIQUID APPLICATIONS

To double nozzle flow rate, pressure must increase four times.

Pressure cannot be used to make major changes in rate, only minor changes due to nozzle wear and other factors.

Doubling the ground speed of a sprayer reduces the gallons per acre (GPA) by a half.

Doubling the effective spray width per nozzle decreases the GPA by one-half.

GPA = (GPM x 5940) ÷ (MPH x W)

GPM = (GPA x MPH x W) ÷ 5940

OPM = GPM x 128

MPH = (feet traveled x 60) ÷ (sec. to travel x 88)

GPA = gallons per acre
GPM = gallons per minute per nozzle
OPM = ounces per minute
MPH = miles per hour
W = nozzle spacing in inches (broadcast spraying)= band width in inches (band spraying)

Some pesticides may be sold in formulations that contain different amounts of the same active ingredient. Therefore, manufacturers may give the rate in terms of active ingredient (a.i.) per acre or 1000 feet of row. To determine the application rate of actual formulated product, use the following formulas:

For dry products:

lb product per acre = (lb a.i. per acre x 100) ÷ (% a.i. in product)

For Liquid Products:

gal of product = (lb a.i. per acre) ÷ (lb a.i. per gal)

Note: If interested in determining rates in terms of lb or gal per 1000 feet of row, replace acre in equations above with 1000 feet of row.

APPROXIMATE FERTILIZER NUTRIENT VALUES OF ANIMAL MANURE AT TIME APPLIED TO LAND - SOLID HANDLING SYSTEMSa

  Nutrient Content
Type of Livestock Bedding vs No Bedding Dry Matter (%) Total
Nb NH4c P2O5d K2Oe
(lb/ton)
Swine Without Bedding 18 10 6 9 8
  With Bedding 18 8 5 7 7
Beef Without Beddingf 52 21 7 14 23
Cattle With Bedding 50 21 8 18 26
Dairy Without Bedding 18 9 4 4 10
Cattle With Bedding 21 9 5 4 10
Sheep Without Bedding 28 18 5 11 26
  With Bedding 28 14 5 9 25
Poultry Without Litter 45 33 26 48 34
  With Litter 75 56 36 45 34
  Deep Pit (compost) 76 68 44 64 45
Turkey Without Litter 22 27 17 20 17
  With Litter 29 20 13 16 13
Horses With Bedding 46 14 4 4 14
a Manure spreader capacity: 1 bu = 40-60 lb
b Ammonium N plus organic N, which is slow releasing.
c Ammonium N, which is available to the plant during the growing season.
d To convert to elemental P, multiply by 0.44.
e To convert to elemental K, multiply by 0.83
f Open dirt lot.
Refer to OSU Extension Bulletin 604, Ohio Livestock Manure and Wastewater Management Guide

APPROXIMATE FERTILIZER NUTRIENT VALUES OF ANIMAL MANURE AT TIME APPLIED TO LAND - LIQUID HANDLING SYSTEMSa

  Nutrient Content
Type of Livestock Bedding vs No Bedding Dry Matter (%) Total
Nb NH4c P2O5d K2Oe
(lb/1,000 gal)
Swine Liquid pit 4 36 26 27 22
  Lagoon 1 4 3 2 4
Beef Liquid pitf 11 40 24 27 34
Cattle Lagoon 1 4 2 9 5
Dairy Without Bedding 8 24 12 18 29
Cattle With Bedding 1 4 2.5 4 5
Veal calf Without Bedding 3 24 19 25 51
Poultry Without Litter 13 80 64 36 96
a Application conversion factors: 1,000 gal = 4 tons; 27,154 gal = 1 acre-inch
b Ammonium N plus organic N, which is slow releasing.
c Ammonium N, which is available to the plant during the growing season.
d To convert to elemental P, multiply by 0.44.
e To convert to elemental K, multiply by 0.83
f Includes feedlot runoff water and is sized as follows: single cell lagoon - 2 cu ft/lb animal wt; two-cell lagoon - cell 1, 1-2 cu ft/lb animal wt and cell 2, 1 cu fl/lb animal wt.
Refer to OSU Extension Bulletin 604, Ohio Livestock Manure and Wastewater Management Guide

USING THE KERNEL MILKLINE AS A GUIDE IN SILAGE HARVEST

Ears of corn cut in half displaying the milkline.

Observing the development of the corn kernel milkline can provide a guide as to when corn is at the proper dry matter content for ensiling. Ohio research indicates variability in the relationship between the kernel milkline and whole plant DM content. Hybrid, planting date, and growing season can affect the relationship between kernel milkline position and whole plant DM content. The appearance of the milkline in the upper 1/4 of the kernel generally indicates that the crop is very near the optimal time to harvest. A sample should be taken at this time and DM content determined with a commercial forage moisture tester or microwave oven.


When an ear of corn is broken in half, the tip half (shown above) shows the smooth endosperm. The arrow points to the milk line border between the milky and hard endosperm starch layers.

NOZZLE TYPES FOR USE ON FIELD CROPS

Suggested Use Recommended PSI Spray Pattern Type
Most contact insecticides & fungicides;
postemergence banding of herbicides		 60 psi & above; below 40 psi if for weed control Circular - light applications in center, fine droplets
Pre-& post emergence herbicide &
some insecticides & fungicides		 15-60 psi, not over 40 psi for weed spraying Fan-like pattern of medium droplets
Banding herbicides, insecticides,
fungicides		 20 to 40 psi Uniform coverage across spray pattern,
medium droplets
Pre-& postemergence herbicides where drift is hazardous 10-20 psi for max drift control; below 30 psi otherwise Fan-like, coarse droplets, numerous enough for weeds
Pre-plant soil incorporated 15 to 40 psi Full cone or hollow cone (with Raindrop). Large droplets.
Weed & brush control in pastures, fence row & roadsides 10-30 psi, never over 40 psi Fan-like, extra wide flat spray pattern with 18 to 33 ft coverage.

EVEN-FLAT FAN NOZZLE HEIGHT FOR VARIOUS BAND WIDTHS

Band Width Approximate Nozzle Height
80 Series 95 Series
8" 5" 4"
10" 6" 5"
12" 7" 6"
14" 8" 7"
Example: If you desire a 10 inch band from a nozzle with 80 spray angle, mount nozzle 6" above the surface.

FLAT-FAN NOZZLE HEIGHT FOR VARIOUS SPRAY PATTERN ANGLES

Spray Pattern Angle Nozzle Height above Crop
  20" spacing 30" spacing
65 22" to 24" 33" to 35"
80 17" to 19" 26" to 28"
110 16" to 18" 20" to 22"
Example: For a spray tip with an 80 degree spray pattern angle and spaced 20" apart, the correct nozzle height above the crop canopy target is 17 to 19 inches.

RELATIVE WEAR OF NOZZLE MATERIALS*

Material Wear Life (years)
Brass 1
Nylon 2-4
Plastic 3-5
Stainless Steel 4-6
Hardened Stainless Steel 8-10
Ceramic 10-15
* Actual life will depend on usage. Calibrate your spraying system frequently.

AREA & VOLUME CALCULATIONS

A circle. Area of a circle =radius squared X 3.1416or diameter squared X 0.7854
A rectangle. Area of a rectangle or square = length X width
A triangle. Area of a triangle = base X height divided by 2
A cube Volume of a cube or rectangular box = length X width x height
a cylinder Volume of a cylinder = radius x 3.1416 X length of cylinder
A cone. Volume of a cone = radius squared x 1.0472 X height

CONVERSION FACTORS

Acres X 0.405 = Hectares
Acres X 43560 = Sq Feet
Bushels X 1.244 = Cubic feet
Bushels X 4 = Pecks
CaCO3 X 0.40 = Calcium(Ca)
CaCO3 X 0.84 = MgCO3
Calcium (Ca) X 2.50 = CaCO3
Centimeters X 0.3937 = Inches
Centimeters X 0.01 = Meters
Centimeters X 10 = Millimeters
Cord(4'x4'x8') X 8 = Cord feet
Cubic feet X 1,728 = Cubic inches
Cubic feet X 0.03704 = Cubic yards
Cubic feet X 7.4805 = Gallons
Cubic feet X 0.84 = Bushels
Cubic inches X 16.39 = Cubic Centimeters
Cubic meters X 35.31 = Cubic feet
Degree Celsius (+17.98)x1.8 = Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit (-32)x0.5555 = Celsius
Feet X 30.48 = Centimeters
Feet X 12 = Inches
Feet X 0.3048 = Meters
Feet X 0.33333 = Yards
Ft / minute X 0.01667 = Ft / second
Ft / minute X 0.01136 = Miles / hour
Fl ounce X 1.805 = Cubic inches
Gallons X 269 = Cubic in. (dry)
Gallons X 231 = Cubic in. (liq)
Gallons X 3,785 = Cubic Centimeter
Gallons X 0.1337 = Cubic feet
Gallons X 3.785 = Liters
Gallons X 128 = Ounces (liquid)
Gallons X 8 = Pints (liquid)
Gallons X 4 = Quarts (liquid)
Gallons of water X 8.3453 = Pounds water
Grams X 0.001 = Kilograms
Grams X 1,000 = Milligrams
Grams X 0.0353 = Ounces
Grams per liter X 1,000 = Parts / million
Hectares X 2.471 = Acres
Inches X 2.54 = Centimeters
Kilograms (kg) X 1000 = grams (g)
Kilograms X 2.205 = Pounds
Kg/hectare X 0.8929 = Pounds/acre
Kilometers X 3,281 = Feet
Kilometers X 1,000 = Meters
Kilometers X 0.6214 = Miles
Knot X 6,086 = Feet
K2O X 0.83 = K (elemental)
Liters X 1,000 = Milliters
Liters X 1,000 = Cubic Centimeters
Liters X 0.0353 = Cubic feet
Liters X 0.2642 = Gallons
Magnesium (Mg) X 3.48 = MgCO3
Meters X 100 = Centimeters
Meters X 39.37 = Inches
Meters X 0.001 = Kilometers
Meters X 1,000 = Millimeters
Meters X 1.094 = Yards
MgCO3 X 0.29 = Magnesium(Mg)
MgCO3 X 1.18 = CaCO3
Miles X 5,280 = Feet
Miles X 1.6909 = Kilometers
Miles per hour X 88 = Feet / minute
Miles per hour X 1.467 = Feet / second
Miles per minute X 88 = Feet / second
Milliter X 0.034 = Fluid ounces
Ounces (dry) X 28.349 = Grams
Ounces (liquid) X 0.00781 = Gallons
Ounces (liquid) X 29.573 = Cubic centimeters
Ounces (liquid) X 0.03125 = Quarts (liquid)
P2O5 X 0.44 = P (elemental)
P (elemental) X 2.292 = P2O5
Parts / million X 2 = lbs/acre
Parts / million X 0.001 = Grams / liter
Parts / million X 0.0001 = Percent
Parts / million X 1 = Milligram/Kg
Parts / million X 1 = Milligrams/liter
Pecks X 0.25 = Bushels
Pints (dry) X 33.6003 = Cubic inches
Pints (dry) X 0.5 = Quarts (dry)
Pints (liquid) X 28.875 = Cubic inches
Pints (liquid) X 0.125 = Gallons
Pints (liquid) X 0.4732 = Liters
Pints (liquid) X 16 = Ounces (liquid)
Pints (liquid) X 0.5 = Quarts (liquid)
Potash (K2O) X 0.83 = Potassium (K)
Potassium (K) X 1.20 = Potash (K2O)
Pounds X 453.592 = Grams
Pounds X 16 = Ounces
Pounds X 0.45359 = Kilograms (Kg)
Pounds water X 0.01602 = Cubic feet
Pounds water X 0.1198 = Gallons
Pounds / acre X 1.12 = Kg / hectare
Quarts X 946 = Milliters
Quarts (dry) X 67.20 = Cubic inches
Quarts (liquid) X 0.9463 = Liters
Quarts (liquid) X 32 = Ounces (liquid)
Rods X 16.5 = Feet
Square feet X 0.000024 = Acres
Square meters X 0.0001 = Hectares (ha)
Square miles X 640 = Acres
Ton X 907.1849 = Kilograms
Ton (long) X 2,240 = Pounds
Ton (short) X 2,000 = Pounds
U.S. dry quart X 1.101 = Liters
U.S. gallon X 3.785 = Liters

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITYEXTENSION SPECIALISTS

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION COUNTY EDUCATORS

A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P R S T U V W

County Ag Educator Number
Adams Robin Stephenson 937-544-2339
Allen Curtis Young 419-222-9946
Ashland   419-281-8242
Ashtabula David Marrison 440-576-9008
Athens Chris Penrose 740-593-8555
Auglaize John Smith 419-738-2219
Belmont Steve Schumacher 740-695-1455
Brown David Dugan 937-378-6716
Butler Steven Bartels 513-887-3722
Carroll Michael Hogan 330-627-4310
Champaign Harold Watters 937-484-1526
Clark Michael Haubner 937-328-4607
Clermont Gary Gao 513-732-7070
Clinton Anthony Nye 937-382-0901
Columbiana Dianne Shoemaker 330-424-7291
Coshocton Paul Golden 740-622-2265
Crawford Steven Prochaska 419-562-8731
Cuyahoga Jack Kerrigan 216-397-6000
Darke Stephen Foster 937-548-5215
Defiance Bruce Clevenger 419-782-4771
Delaware Robert Leeds 740-368-1925
Erie Gary Bauer 419-627-7631
Fairfield Al Gahler 740-653-5419
Fayette James O’Brien 740-335-1150
Franklin Patricia House 614-462-6700
Fulton Greg Labarge 419-337-9210
Gallia Jennifer Byrnes 740-446-7007
Geauga Randall James 440-834-4656
Greene Gerald Mahan 937-372-9971
Guernsey Robert Little 740-432-9300
Hamilton Joseph Boggs 513-825-6000
Hancock Gary Wilson 419-422-3851
Hardin Gene McCluer 419-674-2297
Harrison Mike Hogan 740-942-8823
Henry Alan Sundermeier 419-592-0806
Highland John Grimes 937-393-1918
Hocking Don Davis 740-385-3222
Holmes J Dean Slates 330-674-3015
Huron   419-668-8219
Jackson Dave Samples 740-286-5044
Jefferson Kenneth Simeral 740-264-2212
Knox John Barker 740-397-0401
Lake Randall Zondag 440-350-2582
Lawrence David Dyke 740-533-4322
Licking Howard Siegrist 740-349-6900
Logan Tammy Dobbels 937-599-4227
Lorain James Skeeles 216-322-0127
Lucas Norman Moll 419-245-4254
Madison Eric Imerman 740-852-0975
Mahoning David Goerig 330-533-5538
Marion William Hudson 740-387-2260
Medina Michael Miller 30-725-4911
Meigs Hal Kneen 740-992-6696
Mercer Joe Beiler 419-586-2179
Miami   937-332-6829
Monroe Mark Landefeld 740-472-0810
Montgomery Herbert Lane 937-224-9654
Morgan Jeffrey Shaner 740-962-4854
Morrow Steve Ruhl 419-947-1070
Muskingum Mark Mechling 740-454-0144
Noble Daryl Clark 740-732-5681
Ottawa ark Koenig 419-898-3631
Paulding Jim Lopshire 419-399-8225
Perry Jeff McCutcheon 740-743-1602
Pickaway Michael Estadt 740-474-7534
Pike Jeffrey Fisher 740-947-2121
Portage Kevin O’Reilly 330-296-6432
Preble Lawrence Eubanks 937-456-8174
Putnam Glen Arnold 419-523-6294
Richland Maurus Brown 419-747-8755
Ross David Mangione 740-775-3200
Sandusky Mark Koenig 419-334-6340
Scioto Richard Sherman 740-354-7879
Seneca Ed Lentz 419-447-9722
Shelby Roger Bender 937-498-7239
Stark/Summit Dennis Weilnau 330-497-1611
Trumbull   330-675-2595
Tuscarawas Christopher Zoller 330-339-2337
Union John Hixson 937-644-8117
Van Wert Andy Kleinschmidt 419-238-1214
Vinton William Beckley 740-596-5212
Warren Gregory Meyer 513-932-1891
Washington Eric Barrett 740-376-7431
Wayne Ron Becker 330-264-8722
Williams Florian Chirra 419-636-5608
Wood Alan Sundermeier 419-354-9050
Wyandot Chris Bruynis 419-294-4931

WEB SITES

Poison Information Centers

National Poison Control Center—1-800-222-1222

(This number will automatically connect you to the center closest to you.)

Cincinnati: 45627-0144
Drug and Poison Information Center
University of Cincinnati
Medical Center, Room 7701
3333 Burnet Ave., ML 9004
513-558-5111
800-872-5111

Cleveland: 44106
Greater Cleveland Poison Center
11100 Euclid Avenue
216-231-4455
1-888-231-4455

Columbus: 43205
Children’s Hospital
700 Children’s Drive
614-228-1323
800-682-7625
614-228-2272 (TTY)**

Phone number for the deaf.

Emergency Contacts

In the event of gross environmental contamination by pesticides, such as a spill or fire, contact:

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
24-Hour Emergency Response Group
1800 Watermark Dr.
Columbus 43266
1-800-282-9378 (in Ohio)
614-224-2260 (outside Ohio)

Mr. Bill Pound
Ohio Department of Agriculture
Pesticide Regulation Section
8995 East Main Street
Reynoldsburg 43068
1-800-282-1955
8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday

In event of chemical fire, spill, leak, exposure or accident on a highway, railway or waterway, contact:

Chemtrec
Washington, D.C.
800-424-9300
24 hours a day; 7 days a week

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